Energies Alternatives en Méditerranée

Source : CCFA n°38, Mars 2010

Les projets d’énergie alternative sur les rives de la Méditerranée se bousculent, sans que l’on puisse encore dire qui du nucléaire, solaire ou éolien va l’emporter, ou d’avouer tout simplement que tous ces projets sont finalement complémentaires pour satisfaire les besoins de demain. Le Maroc, la Tunisie et l’Algérie ont, pour l’instant, un avantage de positionnement évident, mais l’Egypte, la Jordanie ou la Syrie et d’autres pays demandent également à avoir droit à ce chapitre. Derrière les projets qui se
profilent dans ces pays, il y a certes un grand souci écologique et environnemental, une urgence pour trouver dès aujourd’hui comment satisfaire les besoins de demain, mais aussi et, peut-être, surtout des grands intérêts économiques.

Au départ, chacun des pays concernés est guidé par des besoins domestiques de plus en plus croissants, à un moment où les réserves en énergies fossiles et étrangères risquent très vite de manquer et où la conscience écologique des peuples oblige les dirigeants à trouver des solutions propres et durables. Les rives de la Méditerranée ne sont pas avares en soleil ; c’est donc bien naturellement dans cette direction que tous les esprits se tournent.

Ainsi en va-t-il, par exemple, du Maroc qui travaille sur un projet d’énergie solaire de grande envergure. Un projet de 9 milliards de dollars, qui vise à installer des unités de production d’une capacité totale de 2 000 MW d’ici 2020, et à réduire ainsi la dépendance du royaume envers les importations d’électricité, de pétrole et de gaz et protéger son environnement.

Ce «chantier grandiose », tel que le qualifie le ministre de l’Energie et des Mines Amina Benkhadra, devra concilier développement économique et social, préserver l’environnement et lutter contre les changements climatiques.

Pour le ministre, « ce projet réduira les importations énergétiques en économisant un million de tonnes équivalent pétrole par an et contribuera à la préservation de l’environnement en évitant l’émission de 3,7 millions de tonnes de dioxyde de carbone par an». Pour en assurer le succès, le Maroc a signé avec la France un partenariat institutionnel, technique et financier, dont l’accord cadre a été signé par le ministre de l’environnement français Jean-Louis Borloo et le ministre de l’Energie et des Mines marocain Mme Amina Benkhadra.

Côté projets solaires ambitieux, la Tunisie n’est pas en reste. C’est ainsi que le plan solaire tunisien (PTS) qui vise à faire de la Tunisie un centre régional de production industrielle et d’exportation dans le domaine de l’énergie solaire, compte pas moins de 40 projets devant être mis en oeuvre dans le cadre de partenariats publics-privés au cours de la période 2010-2016.

Le secteur privé en réalisera 29, tandis que 5 autres projets relèveront de la responsabilité du secteur public, notamment de la STEG (Société Tunisienne de l’Electricité et du Gaz), le reste est encore à déterminer. Cinq projets porteront notamment sur la réalisation d’études et la mise en oeuvre du plan.

Le plan est réparti en 5 chapitres selon le secteur d’activités et son coût global est estimé à 3600 MD soit 2000 M€. Les projets d’énergie alternative sur les rives de la Méditerranée se bousculent, sans que l’on puisse encore dire qui du nucléaire, solaire ou éolien va l’emporter, ou d’avouer tout simplement que tous ces projets sont finalement complémentaires pour satisfaire les besoins de demain. Le Maroc, la Tunisie et l’Algérie ont, pour l’instant, un avantage de positionnement évident, mais l’Egypte, la Jordanie ou la Syrie et d’autres pays demandent également à avoir droit à ce chapitre.

Derrière les projets qui se profilent dans ces pays, il y a certes un grand souci écologique et environnemental, une urgence pour trouver dès aujourd’hui comment satisfaire les besoins de demain, mais aussi et, peut-être, surtout des grands intérêts économiques. 15% de l’énergie consommée en Europe sera produite sur l’autre rive de la Méditerranée d’ici à quinze ans.

L’économie d’énergie attendue lorsque l’ensemble des projets sera concrétisé serait de l’ordre de 660 kTep par an et la quantité de CO2 évitée par ces projets est estimée à 1 300 000 tonnes par an permettant des revenues MDP (mécanismes de développement propre) de l’ordre de 260 MD pour 10 ans (sur la base de 10€la tonne).

Et l’Algérie? Avec son Sahara et ses riches potentialités en gaz naturel, une énergie à accoupler avec le solaire pour aller vers la technologie de l’hydrogène pour des rendements supérieurs (jusqu’à 20 Mgw), il peut répondre à la crise de croissance du secteur de l’énergie photovoltaïque en Europe. La place de l’Algérie comme plaque tournante régionale de la production et la distribution de l’énergie solaire a tendance à se préciser et commence à intéresser plus d’un acteur.

En premier les Allemands qui lorgnent de plus en plus sérieusement vers le Sahara (projet Desertec). En effet, selon le Centre aérospatial allemand qui mène des recherches pour le compte du ministère fédéral de l’environnement, les besoins mondiaux en électricité pourraient être couverts avec des centrales à paraboles installées dans le Sahara sur une surface de 65.000 km2.

Ce projet pourrait concurrencer un autre projet, français, qui tend à développer un réseau électrique haute tension en courant continu sous la Méditerranée afin d’acheminer l’électricité solaire produite en Afrique vers l’Europe.

Le projet français, baptisé Transgreen, rassemblerait des fournisseurs d’électricité, des gestionnaires de réseau électrique et des fabricants de matériel haute tension sous l’égide d’EDF. Son lancement, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un « plan solaire méditerranéen », devrait être annoncé lors du prochain sommet de l’Union pour la Méditerranée (UPM) qui se tiendra le 25 mai prochain au Caire.

L’objectif de Transgreen sera de fournir un « schéma directeur pour les investisseurs », dans l’optique d’une augmentation de la production d’électricité renouvelable, en particulier solaire, sur le pourtour méditerranéen. Il entre dans le cadre du Plan solaire méditerranéen, lancé par l’UPM, qui prévoit la construction de capacités de production d’électricité « bas carbone », notamment solaire, de 20 gigawatts (GW) à horizon 2020. Une partie de cette électricité (5 GW) a vocation à être exportée vers l’Europe.

Le Français Transgreen, on le voit, est en concurrence directe avec le projet allemand Desertec qui rassemble, pour l’instant, une vingtaine de grands groupes allemands en vue de développer le plus vaste champ de panneaux photovoltaïques de la planète qui pourra approvisionner les premiers foyers allemands en électricité d’ici à dix ans. Le projet, c’est le cas de le dire, est pharaonique, aussi bien par les investissements prévus que par les objectifs fixés.

En effet, ces vingt grands groupes allemands songent ni plus ni moins à lancer le plus ambitieux programme de production d’énergie verte jamais imaginé. Il est censé faire de l’Allemagne le champion incontesté de la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique en accomplissant un vieux rêve : transformer le soleil qui inonde les sables du Sahara en électricité. Les experts estiment à 400 milliards d’euros, le prix d’une centaine de centrales nucléaires de nouvelle génération, le montant des investissements nécessaires sur une période de quarante ans.

À elles seules, les méga-installations solaires coûteraient quelque 350 milliards d’euros. Le reste serait utilisé pour construire un réseau haute tension reliant l’Afrique au continent européen, afin de transporter l’énergie produite. Les initiateurs du projet estiment qu’ils pourraient être en mesure de produire 15% de l’énergie consommée en Europe d’ici à quinze ans.

Ces projets solaires sont importants non seulement en tant que tels, mais parce qu’ils interviennent à un moment où les autres énergies alternatives, notamment l’éolien et le nucléaire, voient soit leur efficacité contestée ou mis en cause tout simplement pour des raisons de sécurité. Les éoliennes, à commencer par elles, sont, en effet, de plus en plus fragilisées.

En France, elles n’assurent pas plus de 1 % de la consommation électrique. Et pour de nombreux observateurs, la «bulle» qui prévalait dans cette filière se dégonfle. La plupart des opérateurs se sont beaucoup endettés pour développer leurs portefeuilles de projets.

Aujourd’hui, les difficultés de trouver le financement des nouvelles capacités de production conjuguées aux difficultés de remboursement des dettes, les mettent dans des situations délicates. Mais la crise économique n’explique pas tout.

Il y a aussi les opposants aux éoliennes qui mettent en avant leurs faibles marges d’amélioration technologique et qui rappellent surtout que le vent est une énergie aléatoire à laquelle il convient le plus souvent d’ajouter une source de production d’origine fossile supplémentaire. Dès lors, de nombreux industriels préfèrent miser sur le photovoltaïque.

Et le nucléaire dans tout cela ? Certes, la France mise sur la renaissance du nucléaire civil qui permettra aux Etats qui partent même du point zéro en la matière de se doter de cette source d’énergie dans les meilleures conditions de sûreté et de prix. Le savoir faire de la France en la matière est reconnu au plus haut niveau et elle tient à rester pionnière dans ce domaine en développant constamment la recherche.

À cet effet et alors que le chantier du premier réacteur nucléaire EPR dit «de troisième génération», n’est pas encore entré en service que le CEA (Commissariat à l’énergie atomique) s’active sur la génération suivante. Les raisons sont simples : selon les évaluations de l’OCDE, dans un scénario de forte relance mondiale du nucléaire, les ressources d’uranium seront épuisées autour de 2050, ou vers 2080.

Or les réacteurs de génération IV retenus par la France, des réacteurs à neutrons rapides (RNR), présentent l’avantage d’utiliser comme combustible des déchets radioactifs et de produire autant de plutonium qu’ils en consommeront.

La France a donc lancé un nouveau programme appelé Astrid (Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration) pour la construction d’un prototype de dimension industrielle (puissance de 600 mégawatts) qui sera construit au centre du CEA à Marcoule pour être opérationnel en 2020. Le projet a été doté de 650millions d’euros dans le cadre du grand emprunt. Mais ici, les enjeux ne sont pas simplement écologiques et économiques. Il s’y ajoute, en effet, une dimension politique importante.

Pour la France, il y a un lien entre la promotion du nucléaire civil et la consolidation du traité de non-prolifération (TNP) de 1968.

Si la France défend le principe selon lequel « Le monde ne se divise pas entre pays possesseurs de la technologie nucléaire, arc-boutés sur un privilège et des peuples réclamant un droit que les premiers leur refuseraient », elle entend aussi lutter efficacement contre la prolifération d’une arme qui s’avère dangereuse quand elle est entre les mains d’un Etat voyou. « Personne n’a intérêt à une nouvelle course aux armements.

Personne ne souhaite avoir dans son voisinage un Etat qui triche, observe le président de la République française, Nicolas Sarkozy, ajoutant que si « La France sera intraitable pour la défense du droit de chaque Etat d’accéder au nucléaire à des fins pacifiques. Elle sera tout aussi intraitable à l’encontre de ceux qui violent les normes de notre sécurité collective. »

MOROCCO: Dakhla Wind Farm Attracts Small Fry

Played up in Morocco’s pro-government press, projects for wind farms in the Dakhla region are being promoted by companies of very modest proportion. Representing a total investment of over DH 17 billion (EUR 1.5 billion), and covering many thousands of hectares, the programs ought to generate several hundred MW of wind power.

Will the output be exported to Europe?

Up to now, Germany’s Altus AG, which wants to build two wind farms with a total capacity of 672 MW with Morocco’s A.M. Wind, has carried out a dozen wind projects in Germany with a combined capacity of under 100 MW. The company will need to raise no less than EUR 1.3 billion if it wants to push through its Moroccan projects which cover 15,000 hectares. And, for the moment, nobody knows the names of investors behind Africa Renewal Energy and A.M. Wind, the Moroccan concerns keen on building wind farms at El Faro and Tawarta.

As for Gotoga Brokers, registered in Valladolid in Spain, it is known primarily at the moment for being involved in a land dispute against another firm specializing in renewable energy, Pevafersa. Gotoga Brokers plans to invest DH 753 million to build a wind farm covering 900 hectares.

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Turkey Is Getting Ready to Harvest Its Renewable Energy Potential.

When we talk about wind, solar and geothermal power, geographical conditions such as surface areas and sunny latitudes are very important. Turkey offers excellent conditions for all of these renewable energy sources. Its young population of 70 million – 61% are under the age of 35 – and its strategic location between Europe and the Middle East, add to Turkey’s potential for a leading green power nation.

As Turkey aims at taking its place among the top-ten biggest economies by 2050, an increase in its energy consumption is inevitable. Electricity demand has been growing with an annual rate of 6.5% since 2002, up to current levels of 198,000 GWh/y. Scenarios forecast a 6% growth rate until 2020, compared to growth rates of 1-3% in developed countries. However, Turkey’s growth of electricity supply barely matches its fast growth of demand. The country began experiencing shortages already, and power has become a more popular daily topic. Total installed capacity is at 42,000 MW, with foreign natural gas (48%), coal (29%) and hydro power (17%) providing the biggest shares of resources. So far, the share of renewable energy is close to 1% of the total installed capacity.

In 2006, the government passed a set of incentives to stimulate the renewable energy sector. The efforts successfully resulted in substantial increases in the wind power capacity to 433 MW in 2009 from 50 MW levels in 2006. From 2007 to 2008, the capacity almost quadrupled. Currently, there is additional 450 MW construction to be completed by the end of 2009. Roof-top solar panels, which are commonly used for water heating in the Mediterranean region, produce energy equivalent to almost 4800 GWh/y, however installed photovoltaic capacity is only 2 MW. Turkey is the 5th in the World in operating geothermal energy applications with equivalence of 1380 MW capacity used in direct district heating and tourism industry. Geothermal power production capacity is currently 30 MW. So far, only modest steps have been taken since the government has not set clear targets or competitive incentives on new technologies yet.

According to studies, Turkey has around 48,000 MW of wind power potential (see REPA) with speeds higher than 7 m/s. The geothermal energy potential of the country is around 31,500 MW -one of the highest in Europe- which could be used for both heating and electricity production purposes. As Turkey is the second sunniest country in Europe after Spain, it can draw 380,000 GWh/y of solar energy – almost double the total electricity consumption of the country in 2008.

Turkey has signed the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol this year, and the country is going to be assigned a reduction of greenhouse gases for the post-2012-phase, which will eventually turn into clearer targets in its renewable energy sector.

It is expected that the Parliamentary General Assembly will pass an amendment to “Renewable Energy Resources Law 4628″ in July, effectively setting a purchase price, or feed-in-tariff, for renewable energy. While the renewable energy can be sold to the public at rates shown in Graph-1, the prices are still not competitive enough to make solar favorable against natural gas. The tariffs for photovoltaics are set at EUR 0.25/kWh only for the first 10 years of operation, and then decrease to EUR 0.20 for the next 10 years.

While rates in other European countries are much more attractive (see Graph-2), particularly in countries like Greece and Italy trying to catch up to their western neighbors, it is the first serious step towards setting a long-term purchase price incentive for renewable energy producers. The mechanism is expected to increase developments in the Turkish renewable energy sector, and investors are already beginning to position themselves in the market.

There are still many unclear issues regarding regulations and their execution. While this problem is not unique to Turkey, the country’s transmission grid needs extensive upgrades. Despite this and other much needed developments, EU directives, feed-in-tariffs, Kyoto mechanism obligations, and technological developments in the solar and wind industries are pushing the country onto the right track. Setting up and achieving goals may need more time than planned, but it is clear that Turkey is becoming more aware of its natural conditions.

[photo credit: UweBKK]

Related Links :

Ministry of Energy and Natural Ressources (Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı)
http://www.enerji.gov.tr

General Directorate of Electrical Power Ressources Survey (Elektril İşleri Etüt İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü)
http://www.eie.gov.tr

EPDK (Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu)
http://www.epdk.gov.tr

TEIAS (Türkiye Elektrik İletim A. Ş. Genel Müdürlüğü)
http://www.teias.gov.tr

Union of Chambers of Turkish engineers and architects, TMMOB
http://www.tmmob.org.tr/

Wind Power and Hydropower Plants Businessmen’s Association (Rüzgar Enerjisi ve Su Santralleri İşadamları Derneği)

http://www.ressiad.org.tr

The Chamber of Electrical Engineer (Dünya Enerji Konseyi Türk Milli Komitesi)

Related articles by Zemanta

Reblog this post [with Zemanta]

Turkey Is Getting Ready to Harvest Its Renewable Energy Potential.

When we talk about wind, solar and geothermal power, geographical conditions such as surface areas and sunny latitudes are very important. Turkey offers excellent conditions for all of these renewable energy sources. Its young population of 70 million – 61% are under the age of 35 – and its strategic location between Europe and the Middle East, add to Turkey’s potential for a leading green power nation.

As Turkey aims at taking its place among the top-ten biggest economies by 2050, an increase in its energy consumption is inevitable. Electricity demand has been growing with an annual rate of 6.5% since 2002, up to current levels of 198,000 GWh/y. Scenarios forecast a 6% growth rate until 2020, compared to growth rates of 1-3% in developed countries. However, Turkey’s growth of electricity supply barely matches its fast growth of demand. The country began experiencing shortages already, and power has become a more popular daily topic. Total installed capacity is at 42,000 MW, with foreign natural gas (48%), coal (29%) and hydro power (17%) providing the biggest shares of resources. So far, the share of renewable energy is close to 1% of the total installed capacity.

In 2006, the government passed a set of incentives to stimulate the renewable energy sector. The efforts successfully resulted in substantial increases in the wind power capacity to 433 MW in 2009 from 50 MW levels in 2006. From 2007 to 2008, the capacity almost quadrupled. Currently, there is additional 450 MW construction to be completed by the end of 2009. Roof-top solar panels, which are commonly used for water heating in the Mediterranean region, produce energy equivalent to almost 4800 GWh/y, however installed photovoltaic capacity is only 2 MW. Turkey is the 5th in the World in operating geothermal energy applications with equivalence of 1380 MW capacity used in direct district heating and tourism industry. Geothermal power production capacity is currently 30 MW. So far, only modest steps have been taken since the government has not set clear targets or competitive incentives on new technologies yet.

According to studies, Turkey has around 48,000 MW of wind power potential (see REPA) with speeds higher than 7 m/s. The geothermal energy potential of the country is around 31,500 MW -one of the highest in Europe- which could be used for both heating and electricity production purposes. As Turkey is the second sunniest country in Europe after Spain, it can draw 380,000 GWh/y of solar energy – almost double the total electricity consumption of the country in 2008.

Turkey has signed the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol this year, and the country is going to be assigned a reduction of greenhouse gases for the post-2012-phase, which will eventually turn into clearer targets in its renewable energy sector.

It is expected that the Parliamentary General Assembly will pass an amendment to “Renewable Energy Resources Law 4628″ in July, effectively setting a purchase price, or feed-in-tariff, for renewable energy. While the renewable energy can be sold to the public at rates shown in Graph-1, the prices are still not competitive enough to make solar favorable against natural gas. The tariffs for photovoltaics are set at EUR 0.25/kWh only for the first 10 years of operation, and then decrease to EUR 0.20 for the next 10 years.

While rates in other European countries are much more attractive (see Graph-2), particularly in countries like Greece and Italy trying to catch up to their western neighbors, it is the first serious step towards setting a long-term purchase price incentive for renewable energy producers. The mechanism is expected to increase developments in the Turkish renewable energy sector, and investors are already beginning to position themselves in the market.

There are still many unclear issues regarding regulations and their execution. While this problem is not unique to Turkey, the country’s transmission grid needs extensive upgrades. Despite this and other much needed developments, EU directives, feed-in-tariffs, Kyoto mechanism obligations, and technological developments in the solar and wind industries are pushing the country onto the right track. Setting up and achieving goals may need more time than planned, but it is clear that Turkey is becoming more aware of its natural conditions.

[photo credit: UweBKK]

Related Links :

Ministry of Energy and Natural Ressources (Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı)
http://www.enerji.gov.tr

General Directorate of Electrical Power Ressources Survey (Elektril İşleri Etüt İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü)
http://www.eie.gov.tr

EPDK (Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu)
http://www.epdk.gov.tr

TEIAS (Türkiye Elektrik İletim A. Ş. Genel Müdürlüğü)
http://www.teias.gov.tr

Union of Chambers of Turkish engineers and architects, TMMOB
http://www.tmmob.org.tr/

Wind Power and Hydropower Plants Businessmen’s Association (Rüzgar Enerjisi ve Su Santralleri İşadamları Derneği)

http://www.ressiad.org.tr

The Chamber of Electrical Engineer (Dünya Enerji Konseyi Türk Milli Komitesi)

Related articles by Zemanta

Reblog this post [with Zemanta]

Turkey Is Getting Ready to Harvest Its Renewable Energy Potential.

When we talk about wind, solar and geothermal power, geographical conditions such as surface areas and sunny latitudes are very important. Turkey offers excellent conditions for all of these renewable energy sources. Its young population of 70 million – 61% are under the age of 35 – and its strategic location between Europe and the Middle East, add to Turkey’s potential for a leading green power nation.

As Turkey aims at taking its place among the top-ten biggest economies by 2050, an increase in its energy consumption is inevitable. Electricity demand has been growing with an annual rate of 6.5% since 2002, up to current levels of 198,000 GWh/y. Scenarios forecast a 6% growth rate until 2020, compared to growth rates of 1-3% in developed countries. However, Turkey’s growth of electricity supply barely matches its fast growth of demand. The country began experiencing shortages already, and power has become a more popular daily topic. Total installed capacity is at 42,000 MW, with foreign natural gas (48%), coal (29%) and hydro power (17%) providing the biggest shares of resources. So far, the share of renewable energy is close to 1% of the total installed capacity.

In 2006, the government passed a set of incentives to stimulate the renewable energy sector. The efforts successfully resulted in substantial increases in the wind power capacity to 433 MW in 2009 from 50 MW levels in 2006. From 2007 to 2008, the capacity almost quadrupled. Currently, there is additional 450 MW construction to be completed by the end of 2009. Roof-top solar panels, which are commonly used for water heating in the Mediterranean region, produce energy equivalent to almost 4800 GWh/y, however installed photovoltaic capacity is only 2 MW. Turkey is the 5th in the World in operating geothermal energy applications with equivalence of 1380 MW capacity used in direct district heating and tourism industry. Geothermal power production capacity is currently 30 MW. So far, only modest steps have been taken since the government has not set clear targets or competitive incentives on new technologies yet.

According to studies, Turkey has around 48,000 MW of wind power potential (see REPA) with speeds higher than 7 m/s. The geothermal energy potential of the country is around 31,500 MW -one of the highest in Europe- which could be used for both heating and electricity production purposes. As Turkey is the second sunniest country in Europe after Spain, it can draw 380,000 GWh/y of solar energy – almost double the total electricity consumption of the country in 2008.

Turkey has signed the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol this year, and the country is going to be assigned a reduction of greenhouse gases for the post-2012-phase, which will eventually turn into clearer targets in its renewable energy sector.

It is expected that the Parliamentary General Assembly will pass an amendment to “Renewable Energy Resources Law 4628″ in July, effectively setting a purchase price, or feed-in-tariff, for renewable energy. While the renewable energy can be sold to the public at rates shown in Graph-1, the prices are still not competitive enough to make solar favorable against natural gas. The tariffs for photovoltaics are set at EUR 0.25/kWh only for the first 10 years of operation, and then decrease to EUR 0.20 for the next 10 years.

While rates in other European countries are much more attractive (see Graph-2), particularly in countries like Greece and Italy trying to catch up to their western neighbors, it is the first serious step towards setting a long-term purchase price incentive for renewable energy producers. The mechanism is expected to increase developments in the Turkish renewable energy sector, and investors are already beginning to position themselves in the market.

There are still many unclear issues regarding regulations and their execution. While this problem is not unique to Turkey, the country’s transmission grid needs extensive upgrades. Despite this and other much needed developments, EU directives, feed-in-tariffs, Kyoto mechanism obligations, and technological developments in the solar and wind industries are pushing the country onto the right track. Setting up and achieving goals may need more time than planned, but it is clear that Turkey is becoming more aware of its natural conditions.

[photo credit: UweBKK]

Related Links :

Ministry of Energy and Natural Ressources (Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı)
http://www.enerji.gov.tr

General Directorate of Electrical Power Ressources Survey (Elektril İşleri Etüt İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü)
http://www.eie.gov.tr

EPDK (Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu)
http://www.epdk.gov.tr

TEIAS (Türkiye Elektrik İletim A. Ş. Genel Müdürlüğü)
http://www.teias.gov.tr

Union of Chambers of Turkish engineers and architects, TMMOB
http://www.tmmob.org.tr/

Wind Power and Hydropower Plants Businessmen’s Association (Rüzgar Enerjisi ve Su Santralleri İşadamları Derneği)

http://www.ressiad.org.tr

The Chamber of Electrical Engineer (Dünya Enerji Konseyi Türk Milli Komitesi)

Related articles by Zemanta

Reblog this post [with Zemanta]

Turkey Is Getting Ready To Harvest Its Renewable Energy Potential.

When we talk about wind, solar and geothermal power, geographical conditions such as surface areas and sunny latitudes are very important. Turkey offers excellent conditions for all of these renewable energy sources. Its young population of 70 million – 61% are under the age of 35 – and its strategic location between Europe and the Middle East, add to Turkey’s potential for a leading green power nation.

As Turkey aims at taking its place among the top-ten biggest economies by 2050, an increase in its energy consumption is inevitable. Electricity demand has been growing with an annual rate of 6.5% since 2002, up to current levels of 198,000 GWh/y. Scenarios forecast a 6% growth rate until 2020, compared to growth rates of 1-3% in developed countries. However, Turkey’s growth of electricity supply barely matches its fast growth of demand. The country began experiencing shortages already, and power has become a more popular daily topic. Total installed capacity is at 42,000 MW, with foreign natural gas (48%), coal (29%) and hydro power (17%) providing the biggest shares of resources. So far, the share of renewable energy is close to 1% of the total installed capacity.

In 2006, the government passed a set of incentives to stimulate the renewable energy sector. The efforts successfully resulted in substantial increases in the wind power capacity to 433 MW in 2009 from 50 MW levels in 2006. From 2007 to 2008, the capacity almost quadrupled. Currently, there is additional 450 MW construction to be completed by the end of 2009. Roof-top solar panels, which are commonly used for water heating in the Mediterranean region, produce energy equivalent to almost 4800 GWh/y, however installed photovoltaic capacity is only 2 MW. Turkey is the 5th in the World in operating geothermal energy applications with equivalence of 1380 MW capacity used in direct district heating and tourism industry. Geothermal power production capacity is currently 30 MW. So far, only modest steps have been taken since the government has not set clear targets or competitive incentives on new technologies yet.

According to studies, Turkey has around 48,000 MW of wind power potential (see REPA) with speeds higher than 7 m/s. The geothermal energy potential of the country is around 31,500 MW -one of the highest in Europe- which could be used for both heating and electricity production purposes. As Turkey is the second sunniest country in Europe after Spain, it can draw 380,000 GWh/y of solar energy – almost double the total electricity consumption of the country in 2008.

Turkey has signed the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol this year, and the country is going to be assigned a reduction of greenhouse gases for the post-2012-phase, which will eventually turn into clearer targets in its renewable energy sector.

It is expected that the Parliamentary General Assembly will pass an amendment to “Renewable Energy Resources Law 4628″ in July, effectively setting a purchase price, or feed-in-tariff, for renewable energy. While the renewable energy can be sold to the public at rates shown in Graph-1, the prices are still not competitive enough to make solar favorable against natural gas. The tariffs for photovoltaics are set at EUR 0.25/kWh only for the first 10 years of operation, and then decrease to EUR 0.20 for the next 10 years.

While rates in other European countries are much more attractive (see Graph-2), particularly in countries like Greece and Italy trying to catch up to their western neighbors, it is the first serious step towards setting a long-term purchase price incentive for renewable energy producers. The mechanism is expected to increase developments in the Turkish renewable energy sector, and investors are already beginning to position themselves in the market.

There are still many unclear issues regarding regulations and their execution. While this problem is not unique to Turkey, the country’s transmission grid needs extensive upgrades. Despite this and other much needed developments, EU directives, feed-in-tariffs, Kyoto mechanism obligations, and technological developments in the solar and wind industries are pushing the country onto the right track. Setting up and achieving goals may need more time than planned, but it is clear that Turkey is becoming more aware of its natural conditions.

[photo credit: UweBKK]

Related Links :

Ministry of Energy and Natural Ressources (Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı)
http://www.enerji.gov.tr

General Directorate of Electrical Power Ressources Survey (Elektril İşleri Etüt İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü)
http://www.eie.gov.tr

EPDK (Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu)
http://www.epdk.gov.tr

TEIAS (Türkiye Elektrik İletim A. Ş. Genel Müdürlüğü)
http://www.teias.gov.tr

Union of Chambers of Turkish engineers and architects, TMMOB
http://www.tmmob.org.tr/

Wind Power and Hydropower Plants Businessmen’s Association (Rüzgar Enerjisi ve Su Santralleri İşadamları Derneği)

http://www.ressiad.org.tr

The Chamber of Electrical Engineer (Dünya Enerji Konseyi Türk Milli Komitesi)

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Turkey Is Getting Ready To Harvest Its Renewable Energy Potential.

When we talk about wind, solar and geothermal power, geographical conditions such as surface areas and sunny latitudes are very important. Turkey offers excellent conditions for all of these renewable energy sources. Its young population of 70 million – 61% are under the age of 35 – and its strategic location between Europe and the Middle East, add to Turkey’s potential for a leading green power nation.

As Turkey aims at taking its place among the top-ten biggest economies by 2050, an increase in its energy consumption is inevitable. Electricity demand has been growing with an annual rate of 6.5% since 2002, up to current levels of 198,000 GWh/y. Scenarios forecast a 6% growth rate until 2020, compared to growth rates of 1-3% in developed countries. However, Turkey’s growth of electricity supply barely matches its fast growth of demand. The country began experiencing shortages already, and power has become a more popular daily topic. Total installed capacity is at 42,000 MW, with foreign natural gas (48%), coal (29%) and hydro power (17%) providing the biggest shares of resources. So far, the share of renewable energy is close to 1% of the total installed capacity.

In 2006, the government passed a set of incentives to stimulate the renewable energy sector. The efforts successfully resulted in substantial increases in the wind power capacity to 433 MW in 2009 from 50 MW levels in 2006. From 2007 to 2008, the capacity almost quadrupled. Currently, there is additional 450 MW construction to be completed by the end of 2009. Roof-top solar panels, which are commonly used for water heating in the Mediterranean region, produce energy equivalent to almost 4800 GWh/y, however installed photovoltaic capacity is only 2 MW. Turkey is the 5th in the World in operating geothermal energy applications with equivalence of 1380 MW capacity used in direct district heating and tourism industry. Geothermal power production capacity is currently 30 MW. So far, only modest steps have been taken since the government has not set clear targets or competitive incentives on new technologies yet.

According to studies, Turkey has around 48,000 MW of wind power potential (see REPA) with speeds higher than 7 m/s. The geothermal energy potential of the country is around 31,500 MW -one of the highest in Europe- which could be used for both heating and electricity production purposes. As Turkey is the second sunniest country in Europe after Spain, it can draw 380,000 GWh/y of solar energy – almost double the total electricity consumption of the country in 2008.

Turkey has signed the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol this year, and the country is going to be assigned a reduction of greenhouse gases for the post-2012-phase, which will eventually turn into clearer targets in its renewable energy sector.

It is expected that the Parliamentary General Assembly will pass an amendment to “Renewable Energy Resources Law 4628″ in July, effectively setting a purchase price, or feed-in-tariff, for renewable energy. While the renewable energy can be sold to the public at rates shown in Graph-1, the prices are still not competitive enough to make solar favorable against natural gas. The tariffs for photovoltaics are set at EUR 0.25/kWh only for the first 10 years of operation, and then decrease to EUR 0.20 for the next 10 years.

While rates in other European countries are much more attractive (see Graph-2), particularly in countries like Greece and Italy trying to catch up to their western neighbors, it is the first serious step towards setting a long-term purchase price incentive for renewable energy producers. The mechanism is expected to increase developments in the Turkish renewable energy sector, and investors are already beginning to position themselves in the market.

There are still many unclear issues regarding regulations and their execution. While this problem is not unique to Turkey, the country’s transmission grid needs extensive upgrades. Despite this and other much needed developments, EU directives, feed-in-tariffs, Kyoto mechanism obligations, and technological developments in the solar and wind industries are pushing the country onto the right track. Setting up and achieving goals may need more time than planned, but it is clear that Turkey is becoming more aware of its natural conditions.

[photo credit: UweBKK]

Related Links :

Ministry of Energy and Natural Ressources (Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı)
http://www.enerji.gov.tr

General Directorate of Electrical Power Ressources Survey (Elektril İşleri Etüt İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü)
http://www.eie.gov.tr

EPDK (Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu)
http://www.epdk.gov.tr

TEIAS (Türkiye Elektrik İletim A. Ş. Genel Müdürlüğü)
http://www.teias.gov.tr

Union of Chambers of Turkish engineers and architects, TMMOB
http://www.tmmob.org.tr/

Wind Power and Hydropower Plants Businessmen’s Association (Rüzgar Enerjisi ve Su Santralleri İşadamları Derneği)

http://www.ressiad.org.tr

The Chamber of Electrical Engineer (Dünya Enerji Konseyi Türk Milli Komitesi)

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Reblog this post [with Zemanta]